第四十章太伯奔吴

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扬州的大吴,终于在熊楚决定全力开拓北上之时,不惜说服延陵季子这样的绝世剑客来做当头一击。情况,这可就不妙了。
    彭无害虽然对延陵季子这个名字有些懵懂,但他却在脑海中泛起了元帅所做的关于大吴国和大周开国历史上的一桩悬案。这桩悬案关系到吴国的建立和其道统的传承,乃至和大周的关系等等。就是所谓的泰伯奔吴,泰伯也称之为太伯。
    “太伯奔吴”是先周史上的一件大事。它与周的兴起,与西镇吴山有密切关系。
    “太伯奔吴”之纷说关于“太伯奔吴”诸说并呈,莫衷一是。不但在先秦时分就成为暧昧难测的谜团,即使在后人看来,也是众说纷纭,难以定论。分歧的焦点主要在于“太伯奔吴”的原因和地望。
    “太伯奔吴”之原因主要有以下几点。
    让贤说。孔子在《论语・泰伯》中盛赞太伯“三以天下让”。《史记・周本纪》、《史记・吴太伯世家》进一步确立了让贤说,使太伯成为千古传颂的道德楷模。但古代就有人对此不以为然,如王安石的《诗义钩沉》说:“以太伯避季,则季疑于弗友,故特先言其友也。”崔述的《丰镐考信录》说:“大王何以预知其有圣孙,而大伯又将让之于谁乎?”
    翦商说。《诗经・鲁颂・宫》:“后稷之孙,实维大王,居岐之阳,实始翦商。”徐中舒《殷周之际史迹之检讨》:“余疑太伯、仲雍之在吴,即周人经营南土之始,亦即太王翦商之开端。”顾颉刚在《太伯至荆蛮为周人经营南土之始》一文中认为“此论为前人所未发,而极确切”。梁白泉在《太伯奔吴》一文中说:“太伯奔吴正是当时周族政治的需要,需要他们把尽可能广的地域,尽可能多的方国都统统联合起来,对商朝形成包抄的局面。”崔述质疑道:“大王流离播迁之不暇,而暇谋商乎!”“乌有喘息甫定而欲翦商者哉!”
    不从说。《左传・僖公五年》:“大伯不从,是以不嗣。”朱熹说:“大王因有翦商之志,大伯不从,大王遂欲传位季历以及昌。大伯知之,即与仲雍逃之荆蛮。”按照朱熹的说法,太伯和仲雍像后来的伯夷、叔齐那样反对伐商。崔述专门写了《辨太伯不从翦商之说》以驳朱说。
    分封说。《穆天子传》:“太王父封其元子吴太伯于东吴”。卫聚贤在《太伯之封在西吴》一文中主张分封说。如此一来“太伯奔吴”便成了“太伯封吴”。
    虚构说。陈桥驿认为“吴为周后说是完全不可信的,是在吴成为中原大国的吴王夫差时代造出来的”。董楚平认为据《左传》、《国语》、《论语》所载,早在夫差以前就有“吴为周后”之说,并非夫差虚构。
    “太伯奔吴”之地望,经过后人考证,更是众说纷纭。江苏无锡说。《世本》、《史记》索隐、《史记》正义、《汉书・地理志》、《吴越春秋》、《括地志》等皆有此记载,唐兰、李学勤等当代学者亦持此说。
    宝鸡吴山说。闻一多在《天问疏证》中指出太伯封吴的吴应为陕西吴山。蒙文通认为“太伯之奔固在于此。”张筱衡、刘启益提出太伯所奔之吴就是陕西陇县一带的国。6田昌五、尹盛平、何光岳均认为太伯所奔之吴在宝鸡一带。
    山西平陆说。钱穆率先提出太伯之国就是山西南部的虞国。童书业认为吴的初国本在河东虞国。杨宽、王玉哲等亦支持此说法。
    皖南、宁镇说。董楚平在《吴越文化新探》一书中提出周人初到江南的地点,不是无锡、苏州一带,而是宁镇至皖南一带。任伟在《西周封国考疑》中也认为“太伯所奔之吴国应当在今皖南、宁镇地区。”江西樟树说。顾颉刚根据出土的《者减钟》推断吴国始在江西。
    南岳衡山说。《楚辞・天问》:“吴获迄古,南岳是止”。《吴越春秋》:太伯、仲雍“二人托名采药于衡山,遂之荆蛮”。鲍鼎据此认为太伯所奔之吴在南岳衡山。
    迁徙流动说。顾颉刚在《太伯在荆蛮为周人经营南土之始》一文中说:“疑吴始立国于江汉,其后迁于鄱阳湖滨,最后乃迁至无锡、苏州也。”何光岳认为太伯、仲雍“受封于周原北缘的陇县吴岳,主祭祀天神之职,其后南奔荆蛮,迂回于赣、皖、江一带,最后建都于无锡梅里,形成强大的吴国。”
    通过分析众说纷纭的“太伯奔吴”一事,我们或许可以理出一些头绪,得出几点结论。太伯、仲雍确实未随古公父至周原,此即为“大伯不从”。大量的记载说明“太伯奔吴”确有其事。古公父确实未立太伯、仲雍,其原因既非太伯让季历之贤,也非太伯受翦商之命,而是为了“笼络姜姓族人”巩固姬姜联盟。
    《史记・周本纪》:“太姜生少子季历,季历娶太任,皆贤妇人,生昌,有圣德。”季历的母亲是姜炎族女,立季历可以得到姜炎族的全力支持,这对于周人的生存和发展至关重要,周人的兴衰史已做了最好的脚注。由此可见,“太伯奔
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