第九章 大坂商人
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1729年9月26日,秋意渐生。</P>
在稻米陆续上市之际,大坂也迎来了一年中最为繁忙的时节,无数的藩国车队和粮船开始将一包包大米源源不断地输入大坂,或者以市价出售,换取急需的银钱,或者以禄米偿还高利贷商人的欠款。</P>
整个城市充斥着稻米的清香,也流淌着无数的金银铜钱。</P>
吉田屋的吉田幸兵卫下了马车,下意识地抬头望了一眼大楼上方的巨大招牌,“东方联合银行”,遒劲有力的几个汉字,让人感到一丝莫名的安全和……敬畏。</P>
“吉田君,我可在此恭候多时了!”齐国东方联合银行大坂分行主事陈书义笑意吟吟地带着数名伙计和武装护卫迎了出来,一边打着招呼,一边用余光微微扫了眼那辆马车。</P>
几个孔武有力的浪人正在将几口大箱子,费力地从马车上抬下来,随即警惕地四下观望一番,然后目视主人,等待下一步的指示。</P>
“嗯,里面谈。”吉田幸兵卫微微躬了一下腰,挥手示意手下人将箱子抬进银行。</P>
吉田幸兵卫是大阪乃至京畿地区有名的生丝商人,其祖上是上野国山田郡富农出身。齐日战争结束后,《江户条约》签订,要求大坂、神户、名古屋、上总国为通商口岸,大坂随即一跃而升,成为日本最大的国际贸易港。吉田幸兵卫的父亲当初携带数百两资金,来到大坂,建吉田屋,开始从事生丝出口贸易,历数十年,终成一方大鳄,几乎垄断了大坂地区近百分之二十的生丝出口贸易,年入十数万金。</P>
从开港之时,生丝便一直占据日本出口商品的首位,在上世纪末达到出口总额的五到六成。随着日本棉花种植业的扩大,生丝在近十几年来,才逐步跌落到第二位。</P>
将这些占据出口商品前列的生丝推销给外国商社的商人被称为“冒险投机商”。开港之初,这些推销商人超过两百多人,但经过数十年的惨烈竞争后,截止到目前,整个大坂城只剩下二十二户,有“大推销商”之称的商人也减少到九户,形成大坂贸易商人的垄断格局。</P>
初期的推销商人依赖众多乡里的豪农和在乡商人的出资和共同发货,然后通过口岸联络外国人,转售陆续汇集而来的生丝。对那些在乡商人来说,贸易是“收获幸运”,是千载难逢的良机。</P>
不久,生丝推销商人在掌控销售渠道后,从采取贸易生丝专卖制的大名和幕府手中取得优先采购权,并从鸿池屋、三井等豪商或者齐国于口岸开办的银行那里借取大笔资金,逐步垄断了整个生丝的进出货渠道,赚取巨额利润。</P>
日本不像大陆秦国,齐国人基本上可以通行无阻地行走于内陆腹地,按照通商条约的规定,外国人在通商口岸以外的交易概不允许,这就使得大部分日本商品的交易是通过日本的买办商人来完成。</P>
不过,上有政策,下有对策。外国商人一般会通过预付巨额资金的方式,委托买办商人从产地直接收购,以绕过太多的交易环节,达到节省交易成本的目的。吉田屋的主人吉田幸兵卫就是此间最大的一个居间买办商人,凭借其父子两人数十年建立起的商业网络渠道,将生丝源源不断地运到大阪,然后交付给齐国商人,赚取两头差价,积累起巨万身家。</P>
今日前来东方联合银行,吉田幸兵卫带来了三箱金银,价值一百多贯白银。除了部分钱款要在银行换取汇票,用于支付给合作的齐国进口商人货款外--没错,吉田屋除了做生丝出口贸易外,还兼做各类齐国进口商品的贸易代理,大部分皆为近几个月赚取的利润,存入这家齐国开办的银行,以确保自己的资金安全。</P>
其实,大坂开港之前,日本就有大量的货币兑换商,经营货币的存储和放贷业务,许多手头有闲置资金的商人和地方藩国大名会委托这些“经营有方”的商人代为放贷,获取些许资金收益。不过,待齐国人涌进来后,相继设立了数家银行,以资金雄厚,加上其更为专业和更为多元化的服务方式,逐步获得了不少日本商人的青睐,抢夺了不少货币兑换商的客户。</P>
而那些前来大阪的齐国商人在与日本当地买办商人做生意时,也会积极要求合作方在齐国的银行开具户头,存入现金,然后通过银行开具的汇票进行商品交易,而不是像日本国内传统模式使用巨额现金。</P>
经过数十年的习惯养成,不仅众多买办商人接受了这种交易方式,纷纷将大量现金存入齐国开办的银行,就连一些米商、布商、行商也随之效仿之,使得
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