第一百一十七章 赵氏孤儿
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公孙杵臼、程婴二人,乃是《史记》中所记载赵氏孤儿一事中的一大亮点,其实,赵氏孤儿一事,《春秋左氏传》和《史记》中俱有记载,只是《春秋左氏传》记载得相当黑暗,而《史记》记载得十分热血动情,可谓充满人性的闪光点。
后世的一些专家,都认为《春秋左氏传》中所载才是历史真相,但是民间大众还是比较接受《史记》所记载的版本,盖因《史记》中所载赵氏孤儿一事,有情有义,十分符合主流思想,甚至可比拟后世的一些影视剧,而后来也确是被改编为电视剧和电影了。
这事就犹如《三字经》中“唐有虞,号二帝。相揖逊,称盛世。”记载的尧舜禅让的事情一样,虽然后世的一些专家从出土的《竹书纪年》中发掘史料,认为尧舜禅让乃是子虚乌有,“舜杀尧、禹杀舜、启杀益、伊尹逐太甲而被太甲所杀”才是历史真相。
不过在大部分人的眼中,尧舜禅让才是代表主流思想,也是大部分人都承认的史实,就是因为这件事看似不现实,才成为大部分人心中的理想。
而在《史记》中,公孙杵臼、程婴二人,更是出彩,可谓忠义无双,成为了忠臣义士的代表人物,不过这两人,在《春秋左氏传》中的赵氏孤儿一事里,却是完全没有提及的。
《春秋左氏传》里面的记载,乃是赵盾的儿子赵朔拥有重位并娶了晋成公的女儿庄姬为妻,生下儿子赵武。赵朔去世两年后,他的叔叔赵婴与其寡妻庄姬通奸,被赵氏家族流放到齐国并杀死赵婴,引起了庄姬的怀恨。
三年后,庄姬联合了对赵氏家族怀有仇恨的栾氏和郤氏家族,向晋成公进谗言说赵家要叛乱,赵氏家族因此被诛灭。而庄姬与当时至少已有6岁的儿子赵武住在晋景公宫中,安然无恙。
约两年后,晋景公接受了韩氏家族首领韩厥的建议,恢复了赵氏的地位,“赵氏孤儿”赵武于是继承了赵氏在三军六卿中的高位,完完全全就是一场普通的政治斗争,毫无值得称颂之处。
而《史记》里面的记载,就截然不同了。里面说屠岸贾与赵氏家族有仇,瞒着晋景公(或许是取得了晋景公的默认),领着一众军将大臣发动“下宫之难”,将赵氏一族斩杀殆尽,只有晋景公的姐姐、赵朔的妻子赵庄姬怀着身孕逃进皇宫里面,托庇于晋景公。
“下宫之难”后,赵朔的门客公孙杵臼去见赵朔的朋友程婴,问他为什么没有跟随赵朔去死。程婴就说赵朔的妻子有了身孕,如果生下男孩,就奉这名男孩为主,帮助他复兴赵氏一族,如果生下女孩,那么他再去死也不迟。
后来,赵庄姬果然生下了一名男孩,就是赵武,但是被屠岸贾知道了,进皇宫搜索赵武,赵庄姬将赵武塞进自己裙里,赵武在屠岸贾搜查的时候,不哭不闹,成功瞒过屠岸贾。
程婴知道了这件事后,就与公孙杵臼商议对策,看怎么能救出赵武,公孙杵臼就问程婴,“扶立遗孤”和“死”哪个容易,程婴回答“死”更容易,于是公孙杵臼就自己请死,希望程婴扶助赵武,复兴赵氏一族。
后来,他们就去找来(估计是买来)一名男孩,由公孙杵臼带着,程婴则去屠岸贾处告密领赏,屠岸贾领着兵马找到公孙杵臼,他们两人就在屠岸贾面前做了一场戏,由公孙杵臼大骂程婴,取得了屠岸贾的信任,屠岸贾带人杀死了公孙杵臼和那名男孩,以为赵氏一族已经灭绝,就离开了,程婴则带着真正的赵武藏匿山中,默默养大赵武。
等到赵武成年后,就在当年深受赵氏一族厚恩的韩厥的帮助下,成功取得晋景公的信任,领兵杀死屠岸贾,为赵氏一族复仇,赵武亦成为晋国的重臣。
程婴等到一切事情结束后,就决意自杀,赵武阻止,程婴就说这事当年与公孙杵臼约定的,待赵氏一族成功复兴,便到九泉之下与公孙杵臼相会,若他不死,公孙杵臼便会以为事情没有成功,其英魂就无法安息。
程婴这样说,赵武就无法在继续阻止他,只能任他自杀身亡,之后“赵武服齐衰三年,为之祭邑,春秋祠之,世世勿绝”。
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