第454章 果然
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萧何生年不详,年轻时任沛县(今江苏省徐州市沛县)主吏掾。[1]平时勤奋好学,思想机敏,对历代律令颇有研究。萧何生性勤俭节约,从不奢侈浪费。性格随和,很善于识人,结交了许多好友,包括泗水亭长刘邦、屠夫樊哙、狱掾曹参、车夫夏侯婴,还有吹鼓手周勃。他见刘邦器宇轩昂,风骨不凡,谈吐也有别于众人,是大贵之相,所以对他格外佩服,并曾多次利用职权暗中袒护他。[2][3]
萧何画像
一次,刘邦奉命押送一批囚犯赴骊山修秦始皇陵,才出县境不远,便逃跑了许多人。刘邦既无法追赶,又禁压不住。当行至丰乡大泽时,刘邦索性把所有囚犯都解了缚,叫他们逃生,自己则与10多个死心塌地愿与他生死相随的囚犯逃到芒、砀二山之间蛰居避难。沛县县令得知后,拘拿刘邦妻子吕雉入狱,又赖萧何与曹参二人保释出狱。[3]
秦二世元年(公元前209年)七月,陈胜、吴广在大泽乡揭竿而起,举起了反秦的大旗,各地豪杰云集响应,天下大乱。[4]此时的萧何仍在沛县当功曹,他和曹参、樊哙、夏侯婴、周勃等人时常聚会,密切注视着局势的发展,并暗中与在芒砀山中的刘邦保持着联系。[3]
沛县起义
在陈胜、吴广起义的影响下,许多地方官吏也感到秦的暴政不能长久,于是也纷纷反叛朝廷,归附义军,保全自己。[7]萧何任职的沛县与蕲州相近,沛县县令眼看烽火遍地,于是找来萧何、曹参等人,秘商起兵之事。萧何建议道:“你是秦朝官吏,沛县百姓恐难听你的话,欲图大事,非把逃亡的豪杰请回来不可。如此一来,沛县自可安如泰山了。”[8]县令同意,于是便派刘邦的妻妹吕须之夫樊哙去芒砀山找回刘邦,共同起义。[9]刘邦欣然应允,立即率众奔沛县而来。不料,县令反悔,将刘邦拒之城外,并想诛杀萧何等人。[10]这种情况下,萧何、曹参非常恐惧,越城逃到刘邦处。[11]随后,刘邦在帛上写了一封告沛县父老书,用箭射入城内。书中说:“天下百姓共同忍受秦苛政之苦已经很久了,如今父老兄弟们却在为县令守城。天下诸侯并起,马上就要攻破沛县城池了。如果沛城的百姓现在起来诛杀县令,响应诸侯,则家室能得以保全。否则,父子都将白白地惨遭杀戮。”[12]沛县百姓看了刘邦的信,就聚集起来杀了县令,打开城门迎接刘邦。[3][13]
刘邦入城后,召集沛城父老共商大计。大家都推举刘邦为县令,背秦自立。[13]刘邦却推辞道:“现今天下纷扰,诸侯并起,沛令一席自应选择全县最有声望之人。我并非自爱,实因德薄能鲜,误己事小,倘若误了全城父老,那就百死莫赎,还是快快另选贤能,以图大事吧。”[14]萧何、曹参都是文吏,担心其身家性命,深恐举事不成,被秦朝诛灭九族,就竭力推举刘邦。[15]沛县父老也说卜筮后刘邦最吉,都拥戴刘邦。[16]刘邦多次推辞都被拒绝,最后只好应诺。[17]于是,他们便在县衙大堂举行了仪式,誓师起事,并按战国旧制,称刘邦为“沛公”。[17][18](一说,萧何在其中设有“占问之计”;[19]后世就此还演绎萧何让刘邦有抓阄的故事[20-22])
西进灭秦
秦二世二年(公元前208年)九月,项梁叔侄杀了会稽郡守殷通,举起义旗。[23]不久,便召集了20余万兵马,拥立楚怀王的孙子熊心为王,[24]并与刘邦所部会于薛城。众将约定:项羽北向救赵,解巨鹿之围后,从北路向西攻秦,刘邦从南路西进向关中进发。两路人马在击败秦军后,谁先入秦都咸阳,谁当关中王。[21][25][26]
刘邦率军勇往直前,凭靠张良等人的谋划,避实就虚,剿抚并用,一路夺关斩将,直抵关中。萧何身为丞督,坐镇地方,督办军队的后勤供应。秦王子婴元年(前207年)十月,刘邦率大军兵临咸阳城。秦王子婴设计杀了奸相赵高,[28]献出玉玺,向刘邦投降。[29]于是,起义大军开进咸阳城。
萧何收集律令图书
深谋远虑
将士们见秦都宫殿巍峨,街市繁华,顿时忘乎所以,纷纷乘乱抢掠金银财物,连刘邦也忍不住,趁着空闲,跑到秦宫去东张西望。他看见华丽的宫室,古怪的摆设,成堆的金银珠宝,猎狗骏马,珍奇玩物,还有一群群的美女,不觉眼花缭乱,飘飘然起来,甚至贪恋秦宫的富贵而不忍离开。[30-32]他神魂颠倒地拥着美女走进胡亥的寝宫,往龙床上一躺,便进入了温柔乡。
突然,大将樊哙破门而入,大声说道:“沛公想取天下,还是想当富家翁?这些奢华之物,正是秦亡的祸根。切勿迷恋于此!”[33]与此同时,张良等人也来陈述利害,[34]刘邦这才幡然自悟当下命兵士查封皇宫府库,然后率众将士返回灞上。[30
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