《周易》哲学解读姊妹篇 《周易》问答七十六
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问:《周易》第十一篇《泰》文讲述了什么?
答:《周易·泰》文论述了”通泰(通顺,畅达)的事情,才是由小到大发展的道理。
《泰》篇原文如下:
“()泰,小往大来,吉亨。
拔茅茹,以其汇,征吉。包荒,用冯河,不遐遗。朋亡,得尚于中行。无平不陂,无往不复。艰贞,无咎。勿恤,其孚,于食有福。翩翩,不富以其邻,不戒以孚。帝乙归妹,以祉,元吉。城复于隍,勿用师,自邑告命,贞吝。”
《泰》文首先应论的是”泰,小往大来,吉亨”。这是说通泰的事情,才是由小到大发展上的吉祥、亨通之道。
《泰》文内容则是围绕着这一立论展开的论述。
《泰》文里作者依然运用了比喻来寓意事情由小到大发展的道理。《泰》文里运用的比喻有“拔茅茹,以其汇,征吉。包荒,用冯河,不遐遗”。”无平不陂,无往不复”。“城复于隍”。这些比喻的寓意是:”拔茅草,把相连在一起的根结一同拔掉,即除恶务尽,才是正确的”。“葫芦挖空,用来做渡河的工具,不致于沉没”。“没有只有平地,而不见陡坡的;也没有只出去,而不复返的”。“城墙倒在护城壕里”。这些比喻是对事情由小到大发展上的问题所做的寓意,如由小到大发展之路上要扫清障碍,比如拔茅茹那样,连根结一同拔掉,这是寓意除恶务尽的道理。再用渡河用挖空的葫芦做保障,才不致于沉没的道理。比喻事情发展上需有保障。
当然《泰》文的也有运用了引用和事理的论述。
如事理上的论述:”朋亡,得尚于中行”。“艰贞,无咎。勿恤,其孚,于食有福。翩翩,不富以其邻,不戒以孚。帝乙归妹,以祉,元吉。”这是说:”不去结党营私,这样做是崇尚与中庸之道”。”在艰难困苦中,坚守正道,无需忧虑,灾难自然克服。这正是有了爱,才会享有幸福。自由交往,即使未能与邻伍富裕,但相邻之间没有戒心,正是有了爱作为根本”。
如引用历史事件所阐明的道理是:“帝乙归妹,以祉,元吉。城复于隍,勿用师,自邑告命,贞吝。”这是说“商帝乙把女儿嫁给周文王,以此得福,这是很好的事情。但从此放松了警惕,城墙倒在护城壕里;也不再加强军备,这命令来自都城,其结果就出现了危险。”
从”帝乙归妹”事情引用寓意着,”城墙倒了,也没有了军备,其结果就出现了危险。”这是提醒君子时刻要有忧患意识,居安思危。不要以为“帝乙归妹”,就可天下太平了,就放松了自身的战备警惕。作者用城墙倒了来比喻没有了军事上的依靠和保障,又“勿用师”,即不做战备了,那么后果不就有了危险。这里是从商朝失败的历史教训里引以为戒。
这是通过历史上事件的引用,也是寓意着事情由小到大发生的转变,会向不好一面发展,这是为《否》埋下的伏笔。
《周易》作者是从正反两个方面来阐述“小往大来”的利弊关系。这最后一段也是设下伏笔,就是“泰”转化为“否”的开始。本篇讲述了一个哲学道理,即事情向好与坏上的转化道理。如何向好的一面,或是向坏的一面转化,《周易》里的《泰》与《否》两文讲的很有道理。
《大象传》通过《泰》而阐发出:“天地交,泰。后以财成天地之道,辅相天地之宜,以左右民。”
这里《大象》作者却是受《泰》符号取象(天与地)的启发,引申出:天地之道和天地之宜,以左右民的道理来。这与(周易·泰》文论述的事情却是个风马牛不相及。故用《周易》一书后衍生的符号取象来阐述《周易》无疑是错误的,因《周易》一书里所用的那套符号只是排序而已,《周易》一书里没有取象一说。即《周易》并不是以符号取象写出的六十四篇文章的。
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