《“易学”评论》(二十四)
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故蓍之德圆而神,卦之德方以知,六爻之义易以贡,圣人以此洗心,退藏于密,吉凶与民同患。”
“极天下之赜者存乎卦,鼓天下之动者存乎辞,化而裁之存乎变,推而行之存乎通,神而明之存乎其人,默而成之,不言而信,存乎德行。”
“是故,易有太极,是生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,八卦定吉凶,吉凶生大业。”
“古者包牺氏之王天下也。仰则观象于天,俯则观法于地,观鸟兽之文与地之宜,近取诸身,远取诸物,于是始作八卦,以通神明之德,以类万物之情。”
“阳卦多阴,阴卦多阳,其故何也?阳卦奇,阴卦偶。其德行何也?阳一君而二民,君子之道也。阴二君而一民,小人之道也。”
“八卦以象告,爻彖以情言,刚柔杂居而吉凶可见矣。变动以利言,吉凶以情迁。”
2《系辞》关于”爻”的论述
“六爻之动,三极之道也。是故,君子所居而安者。易之序也,所乐而玩者,爻之辞也。是故,君子居则观其象而玩其辞,动则观其变而玩其占,是以“自天佑之,吉无不利。”
“彖者,言乎象者也,爻者,言乎变者也。吉凶者,言乎其失得也
圣人有以见天下之动,而观其会通,以行其典礼,系辞焉以断其吉凶,是故谓之爻。”
“是故蓍之德圆而神,卦之德方以知,六爻之义易以贡,圣人以此洗心,退藏于密,吉凶与民同患。”
“圣人有以见天下之动,而观其会通,以行其典礼,系辞焉以断其吉凶,是故谓之爻。”
“八卦成列,象在其中矣,因而重之,爻在其中矣,刚柔相推,变在其中矣。系辞焉而命之,动在其中矣。吉凶悔吝者,生乎动者也,刚柔者,立本者也。变通者,趣时者也。吉凶者,贞胜者也。天地之道,贞观者也。日月之道,贞明者也。天下之动,贞夫一者也。夫乾,确然示人易矣。夫坤,然示人简矣。爻也者,效此者也。象也者,像此者也。爻象动乎内,吉凶见乎外,功业见乎变,圣人之情见乎辞。天地之大德曰生,圣人之大宝曰位。何以守位?曰仁。何以聚人曰财。理财正辞,禁民为非曰义。”
“是故易者,象也。象也者,像也。彖者,材也;爻也者,效天下之动者也。是故吉凶生而悔吝著也。”
“易之为书也,原始要终以为质也。六爻相杂,唯其时物也。其初难知,其上易知,本末也。初辞拟之,卒成之终。若夫杂物撰德,辨是与非,则非其中爻不备。”
“易之为书也,广大悉备,有天道焉,有人道焉,有地道焉。兼三才而两之,故六;六者非它也,三才之道也。道有变动,故曰爻。爻有等,故曰物。物相杂,故曰文。文不当,故吉凶生焉。”
“八卦以象告,爻彖以情言,刚柔杂居而吉凶可见矣。变动以利言,吉凶以情迁。”
3《系辞》关于”象”的论述
“天尊地卑,乾坤定矣。卑高以陈,贵贱位矣。动静有常,刚柔断矣。方以类聚,物以群分,吉凶生矣。在天成象,在地成形,变化见矣。”
“圣人设卦观象,系辞焉而明吉凶,刚柔相推而生变化。是故吉凶者,失得之象也。悔吝者,忧虞之象也。变化者,进退之象也。刚柔者,昼夜之象也。六爻之动,三极之道也。是故,君子所居而安者。易之序也,所乐而玩者,爻之辞也。是故,君子居则观其象而玩其辞,动则观其变而玩其占,是以”自天佑之,吉无不利”。”
“彖者,言乎象者也,爻者,言乎变者也。”
“生生之谓易,成象之谓乾,效法之谓坤,极数知来之谓占,通变之谓事,阴阳不测之谓神。”
“圣人有以见天下之赜,而拟诸其形容,象其物宜,是故谓之象。”
“易有圣人之道四焉:以言者尚其辞,以动者尚其变,以制器者尚其象,以卜筮者尚其占,是以君子将以有为也。将有行也,问焉而以言,其受命也如响。无有远近幽深,遂知来物。非天下之至精,其孰能与于此?参伍以变,错综其数。通其变,遂成天下之文;极其数,遂定天下之象。非天下之至变,其孰能与于此?易无思也,无为也,寂然不动,感而遂通天下之故。非天下之至神,其孰能与于此。”
“见乃谓之象。形乃谓之器,制而用之谓之法,利用出入、民咸用之谓之神。是故,易有太极,是生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,八卦定吉凶,吉凶生大业。是故法象莫大乎天地;变通莫大乎四时;悬象著明莫大乎日月;崇高莫大乎富贵;备物致用,立功成器以为天下利,莫大乎圣人;探赜索隐,钩深致远,以定天下之吉凶,成天下之亹(men)亹者,莫大乎蓍龟。是故天生神物,圣人则之。天地变化,圣人效之。天垂象,见吉凶,圣人象之,河出图,洛出书,圣人则之。易有四象,所以示也。系辞焉,所以告也。定之以吉凶,所以断也
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