《周易大发现》(三十五)

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:“习坎。有孚维心,亨,行有尚。”
    10.《大壮》:“壮于趾,征凶。有孚,贞吉。”
    11.《家人》:“有孚威如,终吉。”
    12.《睽》:“睽孤,遇无夫,交孚。厉,无咎。”
    13.《解》:“解而拇,朋至斯孚。君子维有解,吉,有孚于小人。”
    14.《损》:“损:有孚,元吉,无咎,可贞,利有攸往。”
    15.《益》:“益之用凶事,无咎。有孚中行,告公用圭。有孚,惠心勿问,元吉。有孚,惠我德。”
    16.《夬》:“夬:扬于王庭,孚号‘有厉’;告自邑,不利即戎”。
    《萃》:“有孚不终,乃乱乃萃,若号,一握为笑,勿恤,往无昝。引吉,无咎,孚乃利用禴。”
    “萃有位,无咎,匪孚,元永贞,悔亡。”
    18、《升》:“孚乃利用禴,无咎。”
    19、《井》:“井收勿幕,有孚元吉。”
    20、《革》“革,已日乃孚,元亨利贞,悔亡”。
    “征,凶,贞厉。革言三就,有孚。悔亡,有孚改命,吉。大人虎变,未占有孚。”
    21、《丰》:“丰其蔀,日中见斗,往得疑疾,有孚发若,吉。”
    22、《兑》:“孚于剥,有厉”;“孚兑,吉。”
    23、《中孚》:“中孚,豚鱼吉,利涉大川,利贞”;“有孚挛如,无咎。”
    24、《未济》:“君子之光,有孚吉。有孚于钦酒,无咎,濡其首,有孚失是。”
    25、《姤》:“系于金柅,贞吉,有攸往,见凶。赢豖孚蹢躅。”
    26、《晋》:“晋如,摧如,贞吉。罔孚裕,无咎。”
    《周易》一书共有64篇文章,而其中有26篇文章中共有42个“孚”字出现。远比“君子”一词出现的次数之多。这说明《周易》里的“孚”是《周易》作者构建的一个政治理念,即民本理念。《周易》里的“君子”与“有孚”则是一对政治概念。“君子”是安邦治国的主体,而“有孚”则是主体施政的具体内容。
    我们通过这26篇42处涉及的“有孚”(《周易》里“有孚”一词出现最多,其次是“孚”,“其孚”,“厥孚”,但均体现的是“有孚”思想)之论。完全表现了作者构建出一种新的政治理念。若坚持“有孚”,其判词都是吉或元吉;若违背了“有孚”则是咎或凶,说明“有孚”是一个极其重要的政治理念。
    我们在前面已举例“孚”字出现在《尚书》中的“西周书”里,以及《诗》里。而“孚”字传统的解释为“诚信”。包括现代学者也把《周易》里的“孚”字,一般译为诚信。那么《周易》里的“孚”到底是何意呢?我们先从“孚”字的含义说起。
    甲骨文里已出现了“孚”字,其写法是“”。是一个会意字,右上方是一只手,其下是个“人”形。象是一手抚爱小子之形。金文“师寰簋”之“口”填实写作“”。本义是抚爱。《说文》:“孚,卵孚也,从瓜从子,一曰信也”。“贞:我用[]孚”(乙6694)卜辞只见一条(见《甲骨文实用字典》)。
    现在一些《周易》译本把“孚”作“俘”解释。而“俘”字在甲骨文里是这样写法“”。象手捕人于路上之形。“俘”本义是捕俘虏。“孚”与“俘”是不同的写法与含义。故把《周易》里的“孚”做“俘”解释是错误的。
    而“帛书《周易》”,又不同于通行本《周易》里“孚”的写法。而是用这个“復”字。这“復”(简化为“复”)字的本义是“往来”。那么如何解释帛书《周易》之“復”呢?如果把《周易》里的“孚”字解释为回来或回去,那么42处里的有“孚”句子内容显然是解释不通的。为何帛书《周易》写成“復”字呢?但帛书《周易》里的“復”显然不符合本义而并没有保留下来,即通行本《周易》里没有写成“復”,而是写作“孚”。经考古研究,“帛书《周易》”是西汉文帝十二年时下葬的随葬品。这是的文帝已是西汉王朝的第四任主子了。把今本《周易》一书抄录在丝帛上作为倍葬物品,并非是竹简,是否说明是临时的抄物,抄错了字而已。既然帛书《周易》里是“復”与通行本里的“孚”不同,说明帛书《周易》不具有权威性,而是一个抄本而已。而经考古发现早于帛书《周易》的竹本,即“竹书《周易》”(残简,战国末期)里可不是“復”字,而是“孚”。无疑证明了“孚”是《周易》原创的用字。
    而“復”(复)字在《周易·解》篇里的一句中确实是指道路的来回讲。而无论“今本”、“帛书”、“竹书”《周易》里的《解》卦都用的是“复”。说明《周易》作者是分得清“复”的用意。
    《周易》里的“孚”字,从甲骨文或是金文都是会意字,无论是像手抚摸小子,或是像鸟的爪子抚卵,其含义是一
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