1.37芳兰生门
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《史记·匈奴列传》:“其畜之所多则马、牛、羊,其奇畜则橐扆、驴、骡、駃騠、騊駼、驒騱。”
马、牛、羊、驴、骡,人尽皆知,并不稀奇。然,橐扆、駃騠、騊駼、驒騱,又是何物。
橐扆(tuoyi),便是骆驼。《史记索隐》说“背肉似橐,故云橐也。”背上坨肉像囊,故名。
駃騠(juéti)亦作“駃题“。乃骡之一种。大部分骡马,乃公驴与母马杂生,称马骡,外型近马。駃騠,却是公马与母驴所出,称驴骡,外型更近驴,而弱于马骡。或曰:“骡骡之子,千里駃騠”。又指其为“骡骡所生”。事实上,就刘备所知,绝大多数骡马并无生育能力。然传说亦有例外。一千只公骡与一千只母骡中,有且仅有一对可生出駃騠。颇多物以稀为贵。
騊駼(táotu),驒騱(tuoxi),皆是野马。
騊駼,毛色以青为主,驒騱,毛色呈鳞状斑纹、前蹄皆白的青马。
《山海经》有载:“北海内有兽,状如马,名騊駼”。《逸周书·王会》又曰:“野马,如马而小,出塞外。”《甘肃通志·杂记》亦说:“扁都口南五十里有野马川,出野马,古所谓陶涂(騊駼)者也。”
换言之。时下匈奴马,便是騊駼、驒騱等,野马杂生后代。
匈奴人驯化野马,再与家马混种,诞生出白马,青駹马,乌骊马,骍马,四种优良战马。
或有人问,全部驯化,岂非一劳永逸。事实并非如此。任何马种,若不适时补充新鲜血液,皆走以下模式:引种、杂交、改良、回交,消失。优势基因,不断退化。故保持一定数量的野马种群,不断引种,对维持良种,至关重要。
正因如此,漠北高原,野马数量极为可观。
先前捕捉的乌骊马,便是被刻意放养的家马与养马,杂生后代。而靠近北海,刘备终于捕获到了原生马群。驒騱,亦作“驒奚”,散布于北海沿岸。蹄坚似铁,奔逐如风。太史慈并黄叙,精锐尽出,竟追之不及。
问过营中厩令。答曰:《汉书》有载,大宛国贰师城,近有高山,上生野马,奔跃如飞,无法捕捉。于是大宛国人,春季时,趁夜将五色母马置于山下。野马下山,遂与母马交。所生马驹,汗出殷红如血,胁如插翅,日行千里。便是汗血宝马。
太史慈心领神会。然黄叙却问曰:野马公母皆有,为何只置母马?
厩令笑道:头马必是公也。
黄叙又问:今已深秋,如之奈何?
厩令再答:隆冬将至,积郁伤身,正当释也。
于是从已驯服的乌骊马中,择数十匹“五色母马”,趁夜色放于北海之滨。
及后半夜,忽听群马嘶鸣。此起彼伏,经久不息,直至天明。
数十匹乌骊母马,抖擞精神,鱼贯回营。是夜,又闻营外群马奔逐。竟有头马,寻芳而至,奔冲入营。引群马争相奔入营中。
见野马如过江之鲫,自投大营。众人无不大喜过望。
传入中军大帐,刘备忽问:“厩令何在?”
“正抚野马。”黄叙随口答曰。
“速请来相见。”刘备言道。
“喏。”黄叙领命而去。
须臾又折返:“大哥。厩令言,‘浑身野鬃,衣衫不整,恐失臣节,不便面君’。请大哥恕罪。”
略作思量,刘备笑道:“无妨,孤去见他。”
“野马拥塞,大哥何不等明日再见。”黄叙谏曰。
“明日恐迟也。”刘备笑答。“明日恐迟”遂成典故。与“岁不我与”异曲同工。
这便换穿常服,与黄叙等人,前往马厩。军中马厩,位于草料营后。自成一营,进出皆有角门。见主公驾到,守卫正欲入内通传,却被刘备所止。
机关马车,排列成大马间。拔营时,车厢用来装运草料。宿营时,将草料移出,用来宿马。除去饲养战马的大马间,营地还另起数座大帐,用来安置驽马。此时,车厢围起的营中空地,已聚满驒騱野马。厩吏正取精料喂食,极力安抚。
人皆聚精会神,竟不知刘备前来。
越过马匹并人群。遂在营地正中,见一匹驒騱,异常神骏。马旁所立之人,丰须饶鬓,相貌奇异。
刘备见之大喜:“必奇人也。”
黄叙答曰:“正是厩令。”
“此人何名?”刘备又问。
“张裕,字南和,蜀郡人。年前北上蓟国,混迹市中,常为驵侩。因善相马,被大厩令张和,召入署中。后又命其入大营,随我等北上。”黄叙知之甚祥。
刘备轻轻颔首:“原来如此。”
此人驯马,异于常人。旁人皆先喂精料,投其所好。此人却与骏马,窃窃私语。
本以为故弄玄虚,不料竟成功驯服。用时最短。
待上嚼套缰,牵入马间。厩令这才整理衣冠,趋步近前:“臣,张
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