封建社会的驭民之术
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你知道古代统治者是如何对待底层民众的吗?看过中国历史的人,应该对商鞅的驭民六术有所了解。
所谓的驭民六术,就是弱民、愚民、疲民、辱民、贫民、虐民。一眼看上去,加在“民”之前的都不是什么好字。弱、愚、疲、辱、贫、虐,这些字给我们一种没有最坏、只有更坏的感觉。
在这六术里,“愚民”是其核心与基础,因为开了智的民众,不是那么好忽悠的。愚民的手段一般体现在教育上,封建王朝的统治者宣传的“王权天授”,就是为了确保自己统治的正统性。
而通过“八股取士”的方式录取的官员,则把官员的思想限定在条条框框中,让官员行事不敢越雷池半步。愚民的手段为文化专职,让百姓不会独立思考,任由君主摆布。
设计出驭民六术的商鞅,虽然帮助秦孝公通过变法,使秦国由弱变强,奠定了秦国横扫六合、一统华夏的政治基础。但是他本人因为变法得罪了既得利益者,又因为在军队中威望过高,威胁到王权。秦孝公死后,在秦惠文王的默许下,商鞅被政治对手诬陷谋反,最后落了个五马分尸的下场。
而驭民六术,则成了历朝历代帝王的统治宝典。被统治的民众,在长时间的奴性化教育下,绝大多数人失去了血性,成为只知道低头哈腰人云亦云的应声虫。失去自我思考能力的民众,则是统治阶级的最爱。
因为这样的民众只要有口吃的,就不会没事找事去干造反的买卖。在封建社会的十恶不赦中,排首位的就是“谋反”。“谋反”之所以被封建王朝的帝王视为天字第一号的高压线,因为谋反是对皇帝和皇权最直接的挑战,是绝对不能被赦免的罪行。
底层被驯化得麻木不仁的民众通过辛勤的劳作,可以源源不断的给统治者输送各种各样的利益,让掌握暴力机关的统治者过着奢靡的生活。然而封建王朝的生产力不发达,农作物产量不高,一旦遇到天灾人祸,导致农民颗粒无收的时候,有些开明的统治者会通过减免地租税收、赈灾、派发种子、租借农具等手段,帮助农民度过荒年。
但有些残暴昏聩的统治者会不顾底层民众的死活,采取强硬的手段征收高昂的地租赋税,这就会导致活不下去的农民揭竿而起,为自己与家人谋求一条活路。这样的历史一直在重复,上演出一场场“分久必合,合久必分”王朝更替的戏码。
“驭民六术”自从被创造出来,一直都活跃在历史当中,也一直在影响统治者与被统治者之间的关系。其所产生的变异体,一直与民众的生活息息相关,只是改变了一种形态出现在现代人的面前,与你我的生活水乳相融,在潜意识里左右你我的言行举止。
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