第二百五十八章 黄河上
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大,当地藏民称它是玛曲曲果,其地理位置为东经95°59′24″及北纬35°01′18″。三股泉流汇合后,串联许多大小水泊,逐渐形成了一条6~9米宽的小河,东北流入约古宗列。
穿行在约古宗列盆地的河段,又称约古宗列曲,它串联大小水泊,蜿蜒东北行,穿过第一个峡谷——茫尕峡进入玛涌。玛涌即黄河滩,自茫尕峡出口至扎陵湖,东西长40公里,南北宽约20公里,黄河滩的西半部分就是著名的星宿海。
黄河流经星宿海,先后接纳西北方向流来的扎曲和西南方向流来的卡日曲,水量大增,继续东行约20公里,进入扎陵湖和鄂陵湖。出鄂陵湖东行65公里流经黄河上游第一座县城玛多县。
黄河河以上流域面积2万多平方公里,年水量5亿立方米,平时河面宽30~40米。
玛多至下河沿河段:河道长2211.4公里,水面落差2985米,是黄河水力资源的富矿区。黄河流经青藏高原与黄土高原交接地带,地质条件复杂。龙羊峡以上,大部位于青藏“歹”字型构造体系的首部,龙羊峡以下受祁吕贺“山”字型构造体系的控制,地壳扭曲,褶皱发育,形成了一系列走向北西或近乎东西向的大山。黄河流经这些山谷或沿着较大断裂发育,其水流方向多与山地走向正交或斜交,河谷忽宽忽窄,出现川峡相间的河谷形态。有最长的峡谷拉加峡、最窄的野狐峡、比降最陡的龙羊峡。
下河沿至河口镇河段:河道长990公里,区间流域面积17.4万平方公里,水面落差246米,河道比降2.5,是宽浅的平原型冲积河流。
本河段开始由南向北,至三盛公逐渐折向东流,到河口镇则又转向南流,构成为著名的“黄河河套”。下河沿至SZS一段,黄河流经富饶的宁夏平原,河道长317公里,河宽400~3000米,比降为4.5,河床由砂卵石组成。SZS至磴口,黄河穿行于乌兰布和沙漠与EEDS台地之间,河长88公里,比降2.9,河床缩窄,局部地段有砾石基岩出露,水面宽300~700米,河道两岸沙丘起伏,一望无际。磴口至河口镇,黄河蜿蜒于NMG河套平原之上,河长585公里,河宽500~2500米,比降1.3,水流缓慢,是弯曲型的平原河道。
中游水域,黄河自河口镇至河南ZZ市的桃花峪为中游。中游河段长1206.4公里,流域面积34.4万平方公里,占全流域面积的43.3%,落差890米,平均比降7.4。
黄河自河口镇急转南下,直至禹门口,飞流直下725公里,水面跌落607米,比降为8.4。滚滚黄流,奔腾不息,将黄土高原分割两半,构成峡谷型河道。以河为界,左岸是SX省,右岸是SX省,因之称晋陕峡谷。
晋陕峡谷位于EEDS地台向斜与山西地台背斜交界,构造较简单。本河段河道比较顺直,河谷谷底宽,绝大部分都在400~600米。峡谷两岸是广阔的黄土高原,土质疏松,水土流失严重。支流水系特别发育,大于100平方公里的支流有56条。本峡谷段流域面积11万平方公里,占全河集流面积的15%。区间支流平均每年向干流输送泥沙9亿吨,占全河年输沙量的56%,是黄河流域泥沙来源最多的地区。
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