第五十章 钞能力
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将有可能提高利率,紧缩货币供应,国家经济表现良好及利率的上升会增加该国货币的吸引力。反过来说,如果一国的gp出现负增长,显示该国经济处于衰退状态,消费能力减低。这时,该国中央银行将可能减息以刺激经济再度增长,利率下降加上经济表现不振,该国货币的吸引力也就随之降低了。因此,一般来说,高经济增长率会推动本国货币汇率的上涨,而低经济增长率则会造成该国货币汇率下跌。例如,19951999年,美国gp的年平均增长率为41,而欧元区11国中除爱尔兰90较高外,法、德、意等主要国家的gp增长
gp结构
gp结构
率仅为22、15和12,大大低于美国的水平。这促使欧元自1999年1月1日启动以来,对美元汇率一路下滑,在不到两年的时间里贬值了30。但实际上,经济增长率差异对汇率变动产生的影响是多方面的
一是一国经济增长率高,意味着收入增加,国内需求水平提高,将增加该国的进口,从而导致经常项目逆差,这样,会使本国货币汇率下跌。
二是如果该国经济是以出口为导向,经济增长是为了生产更多的出口产品,则出口的增长会弥补进口的增加,减缓本国货币汇率下跌的压力。
三是一国经济增长率高,意味着劳动生产率提高很快,成本降低,因而改善本国产品的竞争地位而有利于增加出口,抑制进口并且经济增长率高使得该国货币在外汇市场上被看好,因而该国货币汇率会有上升的趋势。
在美国,国内生产总值由商务部负责分析统计,惯例是每季估计及统计一次。每次在发表初步预估数据hepreiaryesiaes后,还会有两次的修订公布hefirsreisinhefareisin,主要发表时间在每个月的第三个星期。国内生产总值通常用来跟上一年同期作比较,如有增加,就代表经济较快,有利于其货币升值如减少,则表示经济放缓,其货币便有贬值的压力。以美国来说,国内生产总值能有3的增长,便是理想水平,表明经济发展是健康的,高于此水平表示有通胀压力低于15的增长,就显示经济放缓和有步入衰退的迹象。
指标意义
一国内生产总值gp是核算体系中一个重要的综合性统计指标,也是中国新国民经济核算体系中的核心指标。它反映一国或地区的经济实力和市场规模。
一个国家或地区的经济究竟处于增长抑或衰退阶段,从这个数字的变化便可以观察到。一般而言,gp公布
2011gp
收入法核算gp,就是从收入的角度,把生产要素在生产中所得到的各种收入相加来计算的gp,即把劳动所得到的工资、土地所有者得到的地租、资本所得到的利息以及企业家才能得到的利润相加来计算gp。这种方法又叫要素支付法、要素成本法。
在没有政府的简单经济中,企业的增加值即其创造的国内生产总值,就等于要素收入加上折旧,但当政府介入后,政府往往征收间接税,这
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